Legal AI has become one of the fastest-moving applications of language models: contract review, due diligence, discovery, clause extraction, and research assistance. All of it depends on annotated legal data, and legal documents are among the least forgiving material to annotate well. The language is deliberately precise, the distinctions that matter are often invisible to […]

Quality assurance was an obvious early target for AI. The work involves checking large volumes against defined criteria, which sounds like exactly what automation should absorb. The results so far are genuinely mixed, and worth being precise about. AI has made parts of QA dramatically faster and has quietly made other parts worse, usually where […]

Marketing teams adopted generative AI faster than almost any other function, and for good reason: the volume of content demanded has always exceeded the capacity to produce it. What followed in most large organisations was predictable. Output went up sharply, and so did the number of pieces that were off-brand, subtly inaccurate, legally risky, or […]

Labeling data for a generative model is not the same job as labeling data for a classifier, and teams that treat it as the same job produce datasets that technically meet spec and fail to improve the model. A classifier needs to know what something is. A generative model needs to learn how to produce […]

Generative AI has moved into healthcare faster than most people expected: drafting clinical notes, summarising patient histories, answering clinician questions against medical literature, and assisting with documentation. These systems are trained and evaluated on medical data, and the requirements are meaningfully stricter than for general generative AI. A general assistant that produces a fluent but […]

Traditional application security assumes you control what data reaches which user, because the application decides. Retrieval and generative AI systems complicate that assumption in a specific way: the system retrieves material dynamically and synthesises an answer, so a user can receive information they were never explicitly granted, expressed in a form that no access rule […]